Spinal Cysts: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
Most people don’t think about cysts forming along their spine—until symptoms arise. Spinal cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in or around the spinal cord and nerve roots. While many are benign, they can still cause discomfort or neurological symptoms depending on their size and location.
At Mackay Spine & Brain, we understand how concerning these conditions can be. In this article, we’ll break down what spinal cysts are, what causes them, how they’re diagnosed, and what treatment options are available—so you can feel informed and empowered.
What Is a Spinal Cyst?
A spinal cyst is a non-cancerous, fluid-filled sac that forms along the spinal column. These cysts can appear in different areas of the spine and vary in size. Some people may never know they have a spinal cyst because they cause no symptoms. Others may experience pain, numbness, or other neurological issues, especially if the cyst presses on nearby nerves or the spinal cord.
Common Types of Spinal Cysts
Spinal cysts come in a few different types, each with unique characteristics:
Synovial Cysts – Often found in the lumbar spine, these develop from the lining of facet joints and are associated with spinal arthritis or degenerative changes.
Arachnoid Cysts – These form in the arachnoid membrane (one of the layers surrounding the spinal cord) and may be congenital or acquired.
Tarlov (Perineural) Cysts – Found in the sacral region, these develop around nerve roots and can cause pain or neurological symptoms.
Epidermoid or Dermoid Cysts – Rare congenital cysts that contain skin cells, hair, or fat, typically found in younger individuals.
What Causes Spinal Cysts?
Spinal cysts can form for a variety of reasons. Some are congenital, meaning you're born with them. Others develop over time due to spinal degeneration or injury. Common causes include:
Degenerative Disc Disease – As the spine ages, wear-and-tear changes can cause joints to deteriorate and lead to cyst formation.
Trauma or Injury – A back injury may trigger cyst development, particularly if there is bleeding or inflammation in the area.
Congenital Factors – Some individuals are born with cysts or with abnormalities in their spinal anatomy that make cyst formation more likely.
Inflammation – Conditions like arthritis can lead to joint inflammation and contribute to cyst development, especially synovial cysts.
Spinal Surgery – In rare cases, cysts can develop after spinal surgery due to scar tissue or disrupted cerebrospinal fluid flow.
Symptoms of Spinal Cysts
The symptoms of a spinal cyst vary depending on its type, size, and location. Some people experience no symptoms at all. When symptoms are present, they may include:
Localized Back or Neck Pain
Radiculopathy – Pain, tingling, numbness, or weakness that radiates into the arms or legs
Sciatica – Burning or shooting pain down the leg, particularly with cysts in the lumbar spine
Loss of Coordination or Balance – If the cyst compresses the spinal cord
Bladder or Bowel Changes – A sign of more serious compression requiring urgent medical attention
If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms—especially new or worsening neurological issues—it’s time to consult a spine specialist.
How Are Spinal Cysts Diagnosed?
A thorough medical evaluation is essential. At Mackay Spine & Brain, we start with a detailed history and physical exam, followed by advanced imaging when needed.
Common Diagnostic Tools
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – The most sensitive tool for identifying spinal cysts and assessing their impact on surrounding nerves and structures.
CT Scan – Can help visualize bony structures and may be used when MRI is not an option.
Myelogram – A special imaging test using contrast dye to highlight the spinal canal.
Nerve Conduction Studies or EMG – To evaluate nerve function if symptoms suggest nerve compression.
Once a diagnosis is confirmed, we work with patients to determine the best course of treatment.
Treatment Options for Spinal Cysts
Not all spinal cysts require treatment. If the cyst is small and not causing symptoms, a watchful waiting approach with regular monitoring may be appropriate. However, when treatment is needed, options range from conservative management to surgery.
Conservative Treatments
Physical Therapy – Strengthens surrounding muscles and improves spinal alignment to reduce pressure on nerves.
Medications – Anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, or nerve pain medications may provide relief.
Injections – Epidural steroid injections or facet joint injections can decrease inflammation and temporarily relieve symptoms.
Surgical Treatment
If conservative approaches don’t bring relief or the cyst is causing significant nerve compression, spine surgery may be recommended. Common surgical procedures include:
Cyst Removal – The cyst is carefully excised to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.
Decompression Surgery – Removes bone or tissue around the cyst to create more space for the spinal cord and nerves.
Spinal Fusion – Sometimes used if cysts are associated with instability in the spine, especially in cases involving synovial cysts.
The decision to pursue surgery is made carefully and based on each patient's unique needs, overall health, and treatment goals.
What Is the Prognosis After Treatment?
The outlook for patients with spinal cysts is generally good, especially when the condition is diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Many patients see a significant reduction in pain and improvement in function after treatment.
Recovery times vary depending on the type of treatment. Patients undergoing non-surgical treatments may begin feeling better within weeks. Surgical recovery usually takes a few months, and most patients can return to normal activities gradually under the guidance of their care team.
When to See a Spine Specialist
You should consult a spine specialist if:
You’re experiencing persistent back or neck pain
You have pain, numbness, or weakness that radiates into your limbs
Your symptoms are interfering with daily life
You notice changes in bladder or bowel control
Delaying care can lead to worsening symptoms or permanent nerve damage, especially if the cyst is compressing the spinal cord.
At Mackay Spine & Brain, our fellowship-trained neurosurgeons and spine specialists are experienced in diagnosing and treating spinal cysts. We take a personalized approach to every case, using the latest technology to ensure the best outcomes for our patients.
If you're ready to find relief, request a consultation with our team today.
Supporting Spinal Health Over Time
While not all spinal cysts can be prevented, taking care of your spine can reduce your risk of complications. Simple practices like maintaining good posture, exercising regularly, and avoiding repetitive strain can go a long way.
We also recommend regular check-ins if you've been diagnosed with any degenerative spinal conditions. Proactive monitoring can help catch changes early before they lead to more serious issues.
Conclusion
Spinal cysts can be alarming, especially when symptoms begin to interfere with your daily life. The good news is, they’re often manageable with the right diagnosis and care. Whether you need conservative treatment or advanced surgical support, the specialists at Mackay Spine & Brain are here to help you find relief and get back to living your life.
